![]() Ned Kahn’s “Cloud Arbor,” located in Pittsburgh, PA Many of Ned Kahn’s other sculptures incorporate suspended fog or clouds, and I was curious about the process of their creation. The position and intensity of the light changes depending on the time of day during which it is observed. Kahn uses a material called a diffraction grating in his “Prism Tunnel” sculpture in order to create a fascinating, ever-changing light display. The most well known example of this phenomenon is the dispersion of white light into its constituent colors. Light refraction is simply the bending of light by a foreign medium, which changes the speed of the wave 6. Most people encounter light refraction at some point or another during their lifetime, whether in the form of Pink Floyd’s “The Dark Side of The Moon” album cover, or the rainbow that appears when light shines through a faceted piece of glass. Pink Floyd’s famous “Dark Side of The Moon” album cover Ned Kahn’s “Prism Tunnel,” located in San Marino, CA For example, the creation of Kahn’s “Prism Tunnel” display in San Marino, California required some basic knowledge about light refraction. Because Kahn’s work focuses on the scientific natural processes in the world, most, if not all of his displays require a basic understanding of related scientific concepts. Find out how here.Just like the exhibits at San Francisco’s Exploratorium that inspired Ned Kahn’s artwork, Kahn’s own work involves numerous scientific concepts and applications. Some people think this is one of the reasons it sounds so good.Īs well as being used to craft violins, the Golden Ratio that comes from the Fibonacci Sequence is also used for saxophone mouthpieces, in speaker wires, and even in the acoustic design of some cathedrals.Įven Lady Gaga has used it in her music. The Golden Ratio can be found throughout the violin by dividing lengths of specific parts of the violin. ![]() Stradivari used the Fibonacci Sequence and the Golden Ratio to make his violins. There's a reason a Stradivarius violin would cost you a few million pounds to buy – and its value is partly down to the Fibonacci Sequence and its Golden Ratio. Read more: To save the sound of a Stradivarius, this entire Italian city is keeping quiet Hailed as the master of violin making, Antonio Stradivari has made some of the most beautiful and sonorous violins in existence. The first movement as a whole consists of 100 bars.Ħ2 divided by 38 equals 1.63 (approximately the Golden Ratio)Įxperts claim that Beethoven, Bartók, Debussy, Schubert, Bach and Satie (to name a few) also used this technique to write their sonatas, but no one is exactly sure why it works so well. The exposition consists of 38 bars and the development and recapitulation consists of 62. In the above diagram, C is the sonata's first movement as a whole, B is the development and recapitulation, and A is the exposition. ![]() The Golden Ratio in Mozart's Piano Sonata No. Let's take the first movement of Mozart's Piano Sonata No. Mozart arranged his piano sonatas so that the number of bars in the development and recapitulation divided by the number of bars in the exposition would equal approximately 1.618, the Golden Ratio. Development and recapitulation – where the theme is developed and repeated.Mozart, for instance, based many of his works on the Golden Ratio – especially his piano sonatas.Įxposition – where the musical theme is introduced The Fibonacci Sequence can be seen on a piano keyboard.Ĭomposers and instrument makers have been using the Fibonacci Sequence and the Golden Ratio for hundreds of years to compose and create music. Starting to see a pattern? These are all numbers in the Fibonacci Sequence: 3, 5, 8, 13. In a scale, the dominant note is the fifth note, which is also the eighth note of all 13 notes that make up the octave.A scale is composed of eight notes, of which the third and fifth notes create the foundation of a basic chord. ![]() Eight are white keys and five are black keys. An octave on the piano consists of 13 notes.The Fibonacci Sequence plays a big part in Western harmony and musical scales. Leonardo da Vinci's use of the Fibonacci Sequence in 'La Gioconda' (Mona Lisa). ![]()
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![]() The reward is a free performance upgrade and the satisfaction of pushing your hardware beyond its stock performance.ģDMark is an essential tool for overclockers. The goal is to squeeze every drop of performance out of your GPU and CPU. Overclocking is an art that takes skill and precision. Ask for advice, share tips, and show off your system in the 3DMark Community Hub on Steam. Identify bottlenecks in your system and compare 3DMark scores to help choose your next upgrade. Run 3DMark after every change to track your progress. Now see how much more performance you can get from your system. And if you’re wondering what your 3DMark score means for real-world game performance, 3DMark also shows you the frame rates you can expect in a selection of popular games. Higher than average scores show the potential for overclocking your hardware. Lower than average scores may indicate a problem with cooling, configuration, or faulty components. Start by comparing your 3DMark score with results from other systems with the same hardware. The faster the benchmark runs, the better your score. 3DMark will recommend the best benchmark for your hardware.ģDMark tests your system's GPU and CPU performance by rendering extremely demanding game-like scenes in real time. It has dedicated tests for all types of PC from lightweight laptops to dedicated desktops. Welcome to 3DMark, the Gamer's Benchmark.ģDMark includes everything gamers need to benchmark and compare PC performance. ![]() And there'll always be new hardware that delivers more performance for your games. There'll always be a new game that demands more performance from your hardware. ![]() ![]() For more than 20 years, 3DMark has been the first choice for benchmarking, testing, and comparing PC performance. PC gaming is a quest for performance, a never-ending cycle of upgrading, overclocking, and tweaking your system for faster frame rates, higher resolutions, and better quality visual effects.ģDMark is essential equipment for this quest. ![]() ![]() As Smokey might say, however, I had been asking the car the wrong questions therefore, I jacked up the passenger wheel under the control arm, left the driver’s tire in contact with the ground, and yanked on the tire with a snapping motion in an attempt to avoid any movement at the driver’s tire. A notoriously weak part from the factory, the piece on my car had been replaced in the past, and I never noticed any play during my time underneath the car. When I got home from a recent 100-mile trip on the expressway, I reconsidered the idler arm. I also give both front wheels a hearty shake at 12 and 6 and 9 and 3 almost any time the car’s on the jack. It must be said that I own more home alignment equipment than most do-it-yourselfers, and I keep a close eye on that sort of thing. I’ve driven the car in this condition for a couple of years, but I have noticed that the right front tire has had an odd wear pattern on its outer edge. As I previously mentioned, it was no longer frightening to drive, but also not something to which I’d throw a stranger the keys and say, “See what she’ll do!” Therefore, after driving the T-Bird on pins and needles for a year, I replaced the steering box with (two) rebuilds, new solid mounts, and a new rag joint, in addition to replacing many of the suspension components such as ball joints and bushings. It’s usually worse in one direction than another (right in my car’s case), and the steering gear is usually blamed – something along the lines of the spool valve, etc. When referencing a 1961-1964 Thunderbird’s behavior, however, it occurs when a light steering input rewards the driver with a lurid, abrupt lane change that becomes more lurid and abrupt as speed increases. Smokey Yunick, more accustomed to NASCAR Chevelles than slow, heavy cruisers, might scoff and say that oversteer is a loose ass end, or something else comically vulgar. Those who have followed my previous COAL updates on my 1963 Thunderbird may recall my problems (that those in the Thunderbird world label “oversteer”) with the steering system. ![]() Unfortunately, we all fall into this trap once in a while, and that statement definitely includes DIY classic car owners and perhaps even the engineering staffs of Big Three automakers. ![]() It’s been awhile since I’ve read Smokey Yunick’s entertaining, colorful, and seemingly endless autobiography, but I recall his depreciating those who relied on what he called “cut and try” methods in lieu of analytical thinking and the use of data. ![]() ![]() ![]() Some participants experienced practical difficulties when combining holding a telephone and completing one of the assessment items. We found that in comparison with conducting the assessment in-person, telephone administration caused uncertainty for the researchers about whether participants were struggling to answer questions due to cognition or hearing impairment. One of the changes was for the researchers to conduct a cognitive assessment for eligibility during an initial telephone call, rather than during the subsequent home visit for consent and baseline data collection. In response to COVID-19, a number of changes were made to the trial’s screening and recruitment procedures, to minimise the amount of time the researchers would spend in the participants’ homes when recruitment began in May 2021. Here, we reflect on our experiences of administering the MoCA Blind/Telephone as part of the initial telephone eligibility check for participation in a randomised controlled trial with community-dwelling older people with frailty. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is widely used in research and is available in multiple formats for different groups and assessment settings. BS 420 0 R /CreationDate(D:20160301172152-06'00')/DA(12.75 TL /Cour 9 Tf)/DS(font: Helvetica 9.The COVID-19 pandemic forced many research teams to adjust the way they conduct studies, including moving to remote delivery of some or all of their recruitment and data collection processes. ProcSet>/Subtype/Form/Type/XObject>stream ![]() 9)/Rect/Subj(Typewritten Text)/Subtype/FreeText/T(CCordell)/Type/Annot> ![]() ![]() ![]() These playlists contain IPTV links compatible with various devices and players like VLC, Kodi, PC, Android, and smart TV. ![]() On this category, you can find M3U playlists that are updated daily.Some of these artile include mac and portal, stalker iptv and xtream codes. Visit our IPTV category that provides free IPTV links.Additionally, you have the capability to enable or disable both channels and categories. M3U Playlist Editor empowers you to effortlessly rearrange categories and channels, allowing you to customize the order as you see fit. Code Issues Pull requests Discussions Grabs m3u from YouTube live. Use it to watch live, movies, and series on your Android phone. editor windows player kodi iptv m3u vlc-extension iptv-editors Updated C benmoose39 / YouTubetom3u Star 234. To get free M3U IPTV URLs, you can follow these steps: IPTV m3u list Editor/Player for Windows with Kodi support. In Tech Edu Byte you will get unlimited iptv m3u collections with working gurrenty. I know that you already searched for m3u ulr for watching free IPTV but you can’t find a working m3u url and you finnaly reached our website Tech Edu byte. If you are searching for the free IPTV m3u url you are in the right site. The M3U format is widely used for watching IPTV because it is supported by many IPTV players and is easy to use. With this program it is possible to create a reference list and then later update your list with only one click. IPTVeditM3U is a program with which you can create, edit and sort your own M3U playlists. These playlists can be used into an IPTV player as we described earlier and the player decodes the stream and plays it on your device. Organize your IPTV M3U lists automatically. You can drag-n-drop ANY type of files from Windows Explorer and they will be added to the end of the playlist. An M3U IPTV playlist is a text file that contains the live TV URLs of many IPTV collections. m3uEdit is an m3u playlist creator/editor. El primer paso para agregar la lista IPTV de los 9.000 canales, necesitas un reproductor multimedia que soporte listas m3u. It supports all the relevant methods, such as web portal login, M3U, and Xtreme Codes, to let the user sign in with their favorite IPTV service.Īs we said already the m3u url is a basic need for watching IPTV. Las mejores listas IPTV que no caducan gratis. TiviMate IPTV: This IPTV player tops the list for its many features and a simplified pricing structure. ![]() ![]() Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclaimation, 1977, Ground Water Manual, from So, when they demanded another gallon of water, I consulted the "Internet" of that day-an encyclopedia- and found out that a gallon of water at the boiling point only weighed 7.996 pounds! I ran up the hill carrying my gallon of water that weighed 0.333 pounds less and ran back down even faster, their angry voices fading behind me. That gallon of tap water at 70☏ weighed 8.329 pounds, which was a lot for a 70-pound kid to haul up a huge hill. They got thirsty and made me go back home and bring them a gallon of water. One hot summer day they climbed the huge hill next to our house to dig a hole to hide their bottle-cap collection. I was able to use water density once to at least play a trick on them, though. Growing up with an older brother was difficult, especially when he had his friends over, for their favorite activity was thinking of ways to antagonize me. The rounded value of 1 g/ml is what you'll most often see, though. A common unit of measurement for water's density is gram per milliliter (1 g/ml) or 1 gram per cubic centimeter (1 g/cm 3).Īctually, the exact density of water is not really 1 g/ml, but rather a bit less (very, very little less), at 0.9998395 g/ml at 4.0° Celsius (39.2° Fahrenheit). Density is just the weight for a chosen amount (volume) of the material. As long as an object is made up of molecules, and thus has size or mass, it has a density. The definition of density, makes a lot more sense with a little bit of explanation. If you're not still in school, then you probably forgot you ever even heard it. ![]() On Earth, you can assume mass is the same as weight, if that makes it easier. ![]() If you're still in school, you've probably heard this statement in your science class: " Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance". ![]() ![]() ![]() as a note gas can better distribute energy than a solid so in general the standard entropy if there is a net formation of gas The v is the stoichemetric equivalents of the products and reactants. ![]() Which outlines that the standard reaction entropy is the sum of the molar entropies of the products subtracted from the sum of the molar entropies of the reactants. The change in molar entropy caused by reactants in their standard states changeing to products in their standard states. What is the molar entropy at this temperature?Īccording to the debye approximation C p becomes aT 3 Ī certain solid has a C p,m at 4.2 K of 0.43 J K -1mol -1. The final integral calculates the entropy up to the temperature that is desired. The second integral calculates the entropy from fusion to vaporization, the equation for the entropy of vaporization is added to this. The first integral calculates the entropy change from 0K up to the temperature of fusion,the equation for the entropy of fusion is added to this. |-1st integral-| |-fusion-| |-2nd integral-| |-vaporization-| |-final integral-| In quesion plus the changes of entropy of the state changes. The entropy of a molecule at a particular temperature is found by adding up all the changes in entropy from T=0 to the temperature The basic template of equation 1 in the second graph the changes in entropy are shown at the transition points. The equation is as follows:Įquation 2 Where a is just a proportionality constant.įigure 1 below in the top graph shows how the Debye approximation might be used to estimate the entropy of aįigure 1 above in the first graph shows the Debye approximation with this it becomes possible to calculate the entropy by using This is used to approximate heat capacities at temperatures below 10 Kelvin. Which states that that C p is proportional to T 3 In this difficult area The Debye extrapolation is used. However, heat capacity is difficult to calculate at Absolute Zero zero. Where C p is the heat capacity at constant pressure and T is temperature. The calculation for the change in entropy is describe by the integral: However, this only is valid for a perfectly crystalline substance because when the temperature is at zero Kelvins (units?) heat energy does not exist in the system and the structure is perfectly ordered leaving no other way to disperse the energy because there is no disorder in the system. Which states that as Temperature goes to Zero Kelvin (units?) The change in entropy will also go to zero. The third law of thermodynamics takes this into account with the Nernst Heat Theorem: However this is impossible to calculate definitively. This is found by calculating the entropy change of a substance when it warmed from absolute zero to the standard temperature (the experimenter in interested in). ΔS Total = ΔS step 1 + ΔS step 2 ΔS step 1 = 0.06 J K -1 Lastly, we add the change in entropy of both steps together to obtain the total entropy change: Step 2: Change in temperature (Heating at constant volume) Step 1: Change in volume (Isothermal expansion from 0.500 to 1.000 dm^3) Water, due to its hydrogen bonding that holds the molecules together, shows an entropy of vaporization higher than the majority of liquids.Ĭalculate the entropy change when Argon at 25 C, and 1.00 bar in a container of volume 0.500 dm^3 is allowed to expand to 1.00 dm^3 and is simultaneusly heated to 100 C. However, there are exceptions to this rule. According to Trauton's rule, a change in volume takes place when a liquid evaporates to become a gas, and all liquids can be expected to have similar standard entropies of vaporization. Trauton's rule specifically applies to vaporization. Table 3.1 gives us the standard entropies (and temperatures) of phase transitions, and table 3.2 gives us the standard entropies of vaporization of liquids. At the temperature where the transition is taking place, the heat transferred from the system to the surroundings is reversible because the two phases are at equilibrium. The entropy of matter increases as it changes from solid to < liquid to< gas. When matter changes phases, the order in which molecules are held together as well as the localization of energy changes. ** This is the equation for entropy change in a system whether the path is reversible or not because entropy is a state function.Įntropy Change for Reversible Phase Changes: As long as the initial and final states of a system are connected by any reversible adiabatic path, the entropy change is going to be zero.Įntropy Change for an Ideal Gase (Isotherm): ![]() 2 etc) Calculating Entropy Change in Specific Processesįor adiabatic changes, q=0 and the entropy change is 0. Dr Cooper's comments: Number fundamental equations (Eq. ![]() |
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